Static RAM will retain contents even without power. Think flash memory. Dynamic RAM needs to be constantly refreshed (by electrical charges) to retain its contents.
No, only NVram (Non Volatile ram) does that, SRAM, Static ram will hold the data as long as its powered. Dram, Dynamic ram, liek you said, needs to be refreshed constantly. Doesnt really matter in a personal computer though because the only thing you put in a desktop is DRAM, which is much cheaper than SRAM.
SDRAM refers to synchronous dynamic random access memory, a term that is used to describe dynamic random access memory that has a synchronous interface. Traditionally, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) has an asynchronous interface which means that it responds as quickly as possible to changes in control inputs. SDRAM has a synchronous interface, meaning that it waits for a clock signal before responding to control inputs and is therefore synchronized with the computer's system bus. The clock is used to drive an internal finite state machine that pipelines incoming instructions. This allows the chip to have a more complex pattern of operation than asynchronous DRAM which does not have a synchronized interface. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDRAM